{"id":4243,"date":"2022-09-08T12:47:03","date_gmt":"2022-09-08T12:47:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/?p=4243"},"modified":"2022-10-09T17:41:30","modified_gmt":"2022-10-09T09:41:30","slug":"%e3%80%90python%e3%80%91python%e5%86%85%e7%bd%ae%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e6%b1%87%e6%80%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/note\/python\/4243\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3010Python\u3011python\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6c47\u603b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u672c\u6587\u6c47\u603b\u4e00\u4e9bpython\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\u4ee5\u53capython\u7c7b\u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.breakpoint()<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u9002\u7528IDE\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0bdebug python\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u65b9\u4fbf\u5728\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u8c03\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801\uff08\u4f46\u662f\u9700\u8981python 3.7+\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

x = 1\nprint(x)\nbreakpoint()\nx = 2\nprint(x)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u5230breakpoint()\u65f6\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165pdb\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08python debug\u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u67e5\u770b\/\u4fee\u6539\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5f53\u8fd0\u884c\u5230breakpoint()\u65f6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f1a\u505c\u6b62\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1\n> \/Users\/sniper\/PycharmProjects\/MyE2E\/test.py(27)<module>()\n-> x = 2\n(Pdb) <\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u8fdb\u5165pdb\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u67e5\u770b\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8f93\u5165\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1\n> \/Users\/sniper\/PycharmProjects\/MyE2E\/test.py(27)<module>()\n-> x = 2\n(Pdb) x\n1\n(Pdb) x=3\n(Pdb) x\n3\n(Pdb) <\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u6309c\u6267\u884c\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u65ad\u70b9\uff0c\u6309n\u6267\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1\n> \/Users\/sniper\/PycharmProjects\/MyE2E\/test.py(27)<module>()\n-> x = 2\n(Pdb) x\n1\n(Pdb) x=3\n(Pdb) x\n3\n(Pdb) c\n2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
2.dir()<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u67e5\u770b\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u5217\u8868\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class fun():\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.x = 1\n\n    def test(self):\n        pass\n\n\nprint(dir())\nprint(dir(fun))\nprint(dir(fun()))<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u5f53dir\u643a\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u8c03\u7528\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u53c2\u6570\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c1a\u672a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u7684\u7c7b\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4f20\u5165\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u540e\u7684\u7c7b\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\uff08\u53ea\u6709\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u2018x’\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'fun']\n\n['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'test']\n\n['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'test', 'x']\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
3.__init__<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u7c7b\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class A():\n    print('a')\n\n    def __init__(self):\n        print('init')\n\n\n\na = A()  \n# output:\n# a\n# init<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u987a\u5e8f\u665a\u4e8e\u7c7b\u4e2d\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4.__new__<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
python\u7c7b\u5206\u914d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5f53\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\uff0cpython\u4f1a\u9996\u5148\u8c03\u7528__new__\u6765\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5206\u914d\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class A():\n    print('a')\n\n    def __init__(self):\n        print('init')\n\n    @staticmethod\n    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):\n        print('new')\n        return super().__new__(cls)\n\n    def fun(self):\n        print('fun')\n\n\na = A()\n# output:\n# a\n# new\n# init\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u5f53\u89e3\u6790\u5668\u8c03\u7528__new__\u65f6\uff0c__new__\u8d1f\u8d23\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u4e3a\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u5206\u914d\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff08self\uff09\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5c06self\u4f20\u7ed9__init__ \u3002 \u91cd\u5199__new__\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5341\u5206\u56fa\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c31\u662f  $ return\\ super().\\_\\_new\\_\\_(cls) $\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u8d1f\u8d23\u7533\u8bf7\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u5355\u4f8b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class A():\n    A = None\n\n    def __init__(self):\n        print('init')\n\n    @staticmethod\n    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):\n        print('new')\n        if cls.A is None:\n            cls.A = super().__new__(cls)\n            return A\n        else:\n            return A\n\n    def fun(self):\n        print('fun')\n\n\na = A()\nprint(id(a))  # 4402021120\nb = A()\nprint(id(b))  # 4402021120<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u867d\u7136\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u201d\u5b9e\u4f8b\u201c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5730\u5740\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5.super()<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6765\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class A():\n    def __init__(self):\n        print('A')\n\n\nclass B(A):\n    def __init__(self):\n        print('B')\n        super(B, self).__init__()\n        A.__init__(B)\n\n\nB()\n# output:\n# B\n# A\n# A<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528super()\u8c03\u7528\u4e86\u7236\u7c7b\u7684__init__\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u5f0f\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u7a0d\u540e<\/a>\u4f1a\u63d0\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
6.__mro__<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u503c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u987a\u5e8f\u5b58\u653e\u5404\u4e2a\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u573a\u666f\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u7acb\u523b\u5224\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u903b\u8f91<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class A():
    def __init__(self):
        print('A')


class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        print('B')
        super(B, self).__init__()


class C(A):
    def __init__(self):
        print('C')
        super(C, self).__init__()


class D(B, C):
    def __init__(self):
        print('D')
        super(D, self).__init__()


print(D.__mro__)
D()
# output:
# (<class '__main__.D'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class 'object'>)
# D
# B
# C
# A<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u800c\u901a\u8fc7__mro__\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u987a\u5e8f\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c__mro__\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\uff08B\u548cC\u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u90fd\u662fA\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5374\u53ea\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5c31\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u91cd\u590d\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u800csuper()\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u6cbf\u7740__mro__\u8fdb\u884c\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u76f8\u6bd4\u663e\u5f0f\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528__init__\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528super()\u8c03\u7528__init__\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u590d\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
7.__str__<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8ejava\u7684toString()\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7c7b\u7684\u6253\u5370\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class A():
    def fun(self):
        pass

    def __str__(self):
        return 'is class A'


print(A)  # <class '__main__.A'>
print(A())  # is class A<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
8.__call__<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8fc7\u5b9e\u4f8b\u540d()\u8c03\u7528\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7.\u8c03\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class A():

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print(kwargs)

    def fun(self):
        print('fun')


a = A()
a(a=1, b=2)  # {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
a.fun()  # fun<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
9.@property<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
@property\u662fpython\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u4fee\u9970\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528@property\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u53ea\u8bfb\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5c06\u65b9\u6cd5\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u540c\u540d\u7684\u53ea\u8bfb\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5c5e\u6027\u88ab\u7be1\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class A():\n\n    def __init__(self):\n        self._name = 'A'\n\n    @property\n    def fun(self):\n        return 'fun in ' + str(self._name)\n\na = A()\nprint(A().fun)  # fun in A\nprint(a._name)  # A\na._name = 'B'\nprint(a._name)  # B<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u4f7f\u7528@property\u4fee\u9970\u540e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f53\u505a\u5c5e\u6027\u4e00\u6837\u8c03\u7528\uff08\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u5f53\u505a\u5c5e\u6027\u8c03\u7528\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7531\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u9690\u85cf\u5c5e\u6027\u540d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5c5e\u6027\u88ab\u7be1\u6539\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u4e86\uff0cpython\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u4f8b.name\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u7528\u4e0e\u4fee\u6539\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
10.@\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d.setter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
@property\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u9690\u85cf\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u90a3\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u6539\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u5462\uff1f\u65e2\u7136\u5c3d\u91cf\u9690\u85cf\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u540d\uff0c\u603b\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u4f8b\u540d.name\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u6539\u5427\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d.setter\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7531\u4e8e\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class A():

    def __init__(self):
        self._name = 'A'

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._name

    @name.setter
    def name(self, name):
        if len(name) <= 1:
            raise Exception('name must be at least 1')
        self._name = name


a = A()
print(a.name)  # A
a.name = 'BB'
print(a.name)  # BB
a.name = 'B'
print(a.name)  # Exception: name must be at least 1<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d\u5fc5\u987b\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u91cd\u8f7d\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
11.@\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
@\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u88ab\u6ce8\u91ca\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u62e5\u6709\u989d\u5916\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
def login_check(func):
    def wrapper(self, username, password):
        if username == password == 'root':
            return func(self, username, password)
        raise Exception('wrong password')

    return wrapper


class A():

    def __init__(self):
        self._name = 'A'

    @login_check
    def login(self, username, password):
        print('login success')


a = A()
a.login(username='root', password='root')<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u5c31\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u767b\u5f55\u524d\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u5bc6\u7801\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5feb\u901f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5207\u6362\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u68c0\u67e5\u65b9\u5f0f\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u540e\u7eed\u518d\u6709\u518d\u56de\u6765\u8865\u5145\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u672c\u6587\u6c47\u603b\u4e00\u4e9bpython\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\u4ee5\u53capython\u7c7b\u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570 1.breakpoint() \u8be5 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"views":2359,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4243"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4243"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4296,"href":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4243\/revisions\/4296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.sniper97.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}