本页代码可以在这里下载。
1.设置代理
urllib 中使用代理：
代码：其中proxy是代理ip和端口号，验证代理只需要在url中加入验证参数即可。
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from urllib.error import URLError
from urllib.request import ProxyHandler, build_opener
# urllib agent
proxy = '127.0.0.1:9743'
proxy_handler = ProxyHandler({
'http': 'http://' + proxy,
'https': 'https://' + proxy
})
opener = build_opener(proxy_handler)
try:
responce = opener.open('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(responce.read().decode('utf-8'))
except URLError as e:
print(e.reason)
requests 中使用代理：
对于requests来说，代理更加简单，只需要设置proxies参数即可，验证代理也和urllib一样，加入url参数即可。
# requests agent
proxy = '127.0.0.1:9743'
proxies = {
'http': 'http://' + proxy,
'https': 'https://' + proxy
}
try:
responce = requests.get('http://http:httpbin.org/get', proxies = proxies)
print(responce.text)
except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError as e:
print('Error', e.args)
Selenium 中使用代理：
在chrome中，用Selenium设置代理的方法也非常简单。
# selenium agent
proxy = '127.0.0.1:9743'
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_options.add_argument('--proxy-server=http://' + proxy)
browser = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options)
browser.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
如果是验证代理，这需要在本地创建一个mainifest.json 配置文件和 background.js 脚本来设置认证代理。运行代码之后本地会生成一个 proxy_auth_plugin.zip 文件来保存当前配置。
# selenium agent with auth
ip = '127.0.0.1'
port = 9743
username = 'username'
password = 'password'
manifest_json = """
{
"version": "1.0.0",
"manifest_version": 2,
"name": "Chrome Proxy",
"permissions": [
"proxy",
"tabs",
"unlimitedStorage",
"storage",
"<all_urls>",
"webRequest",
"webRequestBlocking"
],
"background": {
"scripts": ["background.js"]
}
}
"""
background_js = """
var config = {
mode: "fixed_servers",
rules: {
singleProxy: {
scheme: "http",
host: "%(ip)s",
port: %(port)s
}
}
}
chrome.proxy.settings.set({value: config, scope: "regular"}, function() {});
function callbackFn(details) {
return {
authCredentials: {
username: "%(username)s",
password: "%(password)s"
}
}
}
chrome.webRequest.onAuthRequired.addListener(
callbackFn,
{urls: ["<all_urls>"]},
['blocking']
)
""" % {'ip': ip, 'port': port, 'username': username, 'password': password}
plugin_file = 'proxy_auth_plugin.zip'
with zipfile.ZipFile(plugin_file, 'w') as zp:
zp.writestr("manifest.json", manifest_json)
zp.writestr("background.js", background_js)
chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_argument("--start-maximized")
chrome_options.add_extension(plugin_file)
browser = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options)
browser.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
2.代理池维护
我们利用代理可以解决目标网站封ip的问题。但是无论是收费代理还是免费代理都存在代理不可用的情况，所以我们需要建立一个高效易用的代理池。
存储模块：负责存储抓取下来的代理
获取模块：需要定时在各大代理网站抓取代理。
检测模块：需要定时检测数据库中的代理。
接口模块：需要用API来提供对外服务的接口。
存储模块：
采用分数制，分数100为可用，检测器定时循环检测每个代理的使用情况，检测到不可用分数减1，分数减至0后代理被移除。
新获取的代理的分数为10，如果测试可行，则分数立即置为100，不可行则分数减1，分数减至0后代理移除。
__init__（）：对Redis进行初始化，建立Redis连接。
add（）：向数据库中添加代理设置分数。
random（）：随机获取代理的方法，首先尝试获取100分，如果没有按照排名获取。
decrease（）：在代理检测无效时分数-1，分数达到最低值，移除代理。
exists（）：判断代理是否存在。
max（）：将代理的分数设置为最大。
count（）：返回集合个数。
all（）：返回所有代理列表，以供检查。
class RedisClient(object):
def __init__(self, host=REDIS_HOST, port=REDIS_PORT, password=REDIS_PASSWORD):
print('''
初始化 地址、端口、密码
''')
self.db = redis.StrictRedis(host=host, port=port, password=password, decode_responses=True)
def add(self, proxy, score=INITIAL_SCORE):
print('''
添加代理，设置最高分数''')
if not self.db.zscore(REDIS_KEY, proxy):
return self.db.zadd(REDIS_KEY, proxy)
def random(self):
print('''
随机获取有效代理''')
result = self.db.zrangebyscore(REDIS_KEY, MAX_SCORE, MAX_SCORE)
if len(result):
return choice(result)
else:
result = self.db.zrevrange(REDIS_KEY, 0, 100)
if len(result):
return choice(result)
else:
print('代理池为空')
def decrease(self, proxy):
print('''
代理值减一分''')
score = self.db.zscore(REDIS_KEY, proxy)
if score and score > MIN_SCORE:
print('代理', proxy, '当前分数', score, '减1')
return self.db.zincrby(REDIS_KEY, proxy, -1)
else:
print('代理', proxy, '当前分数', score, '移除')
return self.db.zrem(REDIS_KEY, proxy)
def exists(self, proxy):
print('''
判断是否存在''')
return not self.db.zscore(REDIS_KEY, proxy) == None
def max(self, proxy):
print('''
将代理设置为最大值''')
print('代理', proxy, '可用，设置为', MAX_SCORE)
return self.db.zadd(REDIS_KEY, MAX_SCORE, proxy)
def count(self):
print('''
获取数量''')
return self.db.zcard(REDIS_KEY)
def all(self):
print('''
获取全部代理''')
return self.db.zrangebyscore(REDIS_KEY, MIN_SCORE, MAX_SCORE)
获取模块：
首先设置元类（ProxyMetaclass），该类中实现了__new__()方法，这个方法固有了几个参数，其中第四个attrs中包含了类的一些属性，我们可以遍历attrs来获取所有的类信息。
class ProxyMetaclass(type):
def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
count = 0
attrs['__CrawlFunc__'] = []
for k, v in attrs.items():
if 'crawl_' in k:
attrs['__CrawlFunc__'].append(k)
count += 1
attrs['__CrawlFuncCount__'] = count
return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
class Crawler(object, metaclass=ProxyMetaclass):
def get_proxies(self, callback):
proxies = []
for proxy in eval("self.{}()".format(callback)):
print('成功获取到代理', proxy)
proxies.append(proxy)
return proxies
def crawl_daili66(self, page_count=4):
"""
获取代理66
:param page_count: 页码
:return: 代理
"""
start_url = 'http://www.66ip.cn/{}.html'
urls = [start_url.format(page) for page in range(1, page_count + 1)]
for url in urls:
print('Crawling', url)
html = get_page(url)
if html:
doc = pq(html)
trs = doc('.containerbox table tr:gt(0)').items()
for tr in trs:
ip = tr.find('td:nth-child(1)').text()
port = tr.find('td:nth-child(2)').text()
yield ':'.join([ip, port])
def crawl_proxy360(self):
"""
获取Proxy360
:return: 代理
"""
start_url = 'http://www.proxy360.cn/Region/China'
print('Crawling', start_url)
html = get_page(start_url)
if html:
doc = pq(html)
lines = doc('div[name="list_proxy_ip"]').items()
for line in lines:
ip = line.find('.tbBottomLine:nth-child(1)').text()
port = line.find('.tbBottomLine:nth-child(2)').text()
yield ':'.join([ip, port])
def crawl_goubanjia(self):
"""
获取Goubanjia
:return: 代理
"""
start_url = 'http://www.goubanjia.com/free/gngn/index.shtml'
html = get_page(start_url)
if html:
doc = pq(html)
tds = doc('td.ip').items()
for td in tds:
td.find('p').remove()
yield td.text().replace(' ', '')
def crawl_ip181(self):
start_url = 'http://www.ip181.com/'
html = get_page(start_url)
ip_address = re.compile('<tr.*?>\s*<td>(.*?)</td>\s*<td>(.*?)</td>')
# \s* 匹配空格，起到换行作用
re_ip_address = ip_address.findall(html)
for address, port in re_ip_address:
result = address + ':' + port
yield result.replace(' ', '')
def crawl_ip3366(self):
for page in range(1, 4):
start_url = 'http://www.ip3366.net/free/?stype=1&page={}'.format(page)
html = get_page(start_url)
ip_address = re.compile('<tr>\s*<td>(.*?)</td>\s*<td>(.*?)</td>')
# \s * 匹配空格，起到换行作用
re_ip_address = ip_address.findall(html)
for address, port in re_ip_address:
result = address + ':' + port
yield result.replace(' ', '')
def crawl_kxdaili(self):
for i in range(1, 11):
start_url = 'http://www.kxdaili.com/ipList/{}.html#ip'.format(i)
html = get_page(start_url)
ip_address = re.compile('<tr.*?>\s*<td>(.*?)</td>\s*<td>(.*?)</td>')
# \s* 匹配空格，起到换行作用
re_ip_address = ip_address.findall(html)
for address, port in re_ip_address:
result = address + ':' + port
yield result.replace(' ', '')
def crawl_premproxy(self):
for i in ['China-01', 'China-02', 'China-03', 'China-04', 'Taiwan-01']:
start_url = 'https://premproxy.com/proxy-by-country/{}.htm'.format(i)
html = get_page(start_url)
if html:
ip_address = re.compile('<td data-label="IP:port ">(.*?)</td>')
re_ip_address = ip_address.findall(html)
for address_port in re_ip_address:
yield address_port.replace(' ', '')
def crawl_xroxy(self):
for i in ['CN', 'TW']:
start_url = 'http://www.xroxy.com/proxylist.php?country={}'.format(i)
html = get_page(start_url)
if html:
ip_address1 = re.compile("title='View this Proxy details'>\s*(.*).*")
re_ip_address1 = ip_address1.findall(html)
ip_address2 = re.compile("title='Select proxies with port number .*'>(.*)</a>")
re_ip_address2 = ip_address2.findall(html)
for address, port in zip(re_ip_address1, re_ip_address2):
address_port = address + ':' + port
yield address_port.replace(' ', '')
def crawl_kuaidaili(self):
for i in range(1, 4):
start_url = 'http://www.kuaidaili.com/free/inha/{}/'.format(i)
html = get_page(start_url)
if html:
ip_address = re.compile('<td data-title="IP">(.*?)</td>')
re_ip_address = ip_address.findall(html)
port = re.compile('<td data-title="PORT">(.*?)</td>')
re_port = port.findall(html)
for address, port in zip(re_ip_address, re_port):
address_port = address + ':' + port
yield address_port.replace(' ', '')
def crawl_xicidaili(self):
for i in range(1, 3):
start_url = 'http://www.xicidaili.com/nn/{}'.format(i)
headers = {
'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8',
'Cookie': '_free_proxy_session=BAh7B0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFVEkiJWRjYzc5MmM1MTBiMDMzYTUzNTZjNzA4NjBhNWRjZjliBjsAVEkiEF9jc3JmX3Rva2VuBjsARkkiMUp6S2tXT3g5a0FCT01ndzlmWWZqRVJNek1WanRuUDBCbTJUN21GMTBKd3M9BjsARg%3D%3D--2a69429cb2115c6a0cc9a86e0ebe2800c0d471b3',
'Host': 'www.xicidaili.com',
'Referer': 'http://www.xicidaili.com/nn/3',
'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests': '1',
}
html = get_page(start_url, options=headers)
if html:
find_trs = re.compile('<tr class.*?>(.*?)</tr>', re.S)
trs = find_trs.findall(html)
for tr in trs:
find_ip = re.compile('<td>(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)</td>')
re_ip_address = find_ip.findall(tr)
find_port = re.compile('<td>(\d+)</td>')
re_port = find_port.findall(tr)
for address, port in zip(re_ip_address, re_port):
address_port = address + ':' + port
yield address_port.replace(' ', '')
def crawl_ip3366(self):
for i in range(1, 4):
start_url = 'http://www.ip3366.net/?stype=1&page={}'.format(i)
html = get_page(start_url)
if html:
find_tr = re.compile('<tr>(.*?)</tr>', re.S)
trs = find_tr.findall(html)
for s in range(1, len(trs)):
find_ip = re.compile('<td>(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)</td>')
re_ip_address = find_ip.findall(trs[s])
find_port = re.compile('<td>(\d+)</td>')
re_port = find_port.findall(trs[s])
for address, port in zip(re_ip_address, re_port):
address_port = address + ':' + port
yield address_port.replace(' ', '')
def crawl_iphai(self):
start_url = 'http://www.iphai.com/'
html = get_page(start_url)
if html:
find_tr = re.compile('<tr>(.*?)</tr>', re.S)
trs = find_tr.findall(html)
for s in range(1, len(trs)):
find_ip = re.compile('<td>\s+(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)\s+</td>', re.S)
re_ip_address = find_ip.findall(trs[s])
find_port = re.compile('<td>\s+(\d+)\s+</td>', re.S)
re_port = find_port.findall(trs[s])
for address, port in zip(re_ip_address, re_port):
address_port = address + ':' + port
yield address_port.replace(' ', '')
def crawl_89ip(self):
start_url = 'http://www.89ip.cn/apijk/?&tqsl=1000&sxa=&sxb=&tta=&ports=&ktip=&cf=1'
html = get_page(start_url)
if html:
find_ips = re.compile('(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+:\d+)', re.S)
ip_ports = find_ips.findall(html)
for address_port in ip_ports:
yield address_port
def crawl_data5u(self):
start_url = 'http://www.data5u.com/free/gngn/index.shtml'
headers = {
'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
'Accept-Language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9,zh-CN;q=0.8,zh;q=0.7',
'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0',
'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'Cookie': 'JSESSIONID=47AA0C887112A2D83EE040405F837A86',
'Host': 'www.data5u.com',
'Referer': 'http://www.data5u.com/free/index.shtml',
'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests': '1',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_13_1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.108 Safari/537.36',
}
html = get_page(start_url, options=headers)
if html:
ip_address = re.compile('<span><li>(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)</li>.*?<li class=\"port.*?>(\d+)</li>', re.S)
re_ip_address = ip_address.findall(html)
for address, port in re_ip_address:
result = address + ':' + port
yield result.replace(' ', '')
检测模块：
我们使用异步请求库aiohttp来进行检测。
requests作为一个同步请求库，我们发出一个请求之后，程序需要等待网页加载完成之后才能继续执行，如果服务器响应缓慢，那会十分影响效率，所以我们使用异步请求库来解决这个问题。
class Tester(object):
def __init__(self):
self.redis = RedisClient()
async def test_single_proxy(self, proxy):
"""
测试单个代理
:param proxy:
:return:
"""
conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(verify_ssl=False)
async with aiohttp.ClientSession(connector=conn) as session:
try:
if isinstance(proxy, bytes):
proxy = proxy.decode('utf-8')
real_proxy = 'http://' + proxy
print('正在测试', proxy)
async with session.get(TEST_URL, proxy=real_proxy, timeout=15, allow_redirects=False) as response:
if response.status in VALID_STATUS_CODES:
self.redis.max(proxy)
print('代理可用', proxy)
else:
self.redis.decrease(proxy)
print('请求响应码不合法 ', response.status, 'IP', proxy)
except (ClientError, aiohttp.client_exceptions.ClientConnectorError, asyncio.TimeoutError, AttributeError):
self.redis.decrease(proxy)
print('代理请求失败', proxy)
def run(self):
"""
测试主函数
:return:
"""
print('测试器开始运行')
try:
count = self.redis.count()
print('当前剩余', count, '个代理')
for i in range(0, count, BATCH_TEST_SIZE):
start = i
stop = min(i + BATCH_TEST_SIZE, count)
print('正在测试第', start + 1, '-', stop, '个代理')
test_proxies = self.redis.batch(start, stop)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
tasks = [self.test_single_proxy(proxy) for proxy in test_proxies]
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
sys.stdout.flush()
time.sleep(5)
except Exception as e:
print('测试器发生错误', e.args)
接口模块：
我们使用一个轻量级的Flask库来实现这个接口模块。
def get_conn():
if not hasattr(g, 'redis'):
g.redis = RedisClient()
return g.redis
@app.route('/')
def index():
return '<h2>Welcome to Proxy Pool System</h2>'
@app.route('/random')
def get_proxy():
"""
Get a proxy
:return: 随机代理
"""
conn = get_conn()
return conn.random()
@app.route('/count')
def get_counts():
"""
Get the count of proxies
:return: 代理池总量
"""
conn = get_conn()
return str(conn.count())
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
我们声明了Flask对象，定义了3个接口，分别是首页、随机代理页、获取数量页。
调度模块：
调用以上3个模块，将这三个模块通过多线程的形式运行起来。
class Scheduler():
def schedule_tester(self, cycle=TESTER_CYCLE):
"""
定时测试代理
"""
tester = Tester()
while True:
print('测试器开始运行')
tester.run()
time.sleep(cycle)
def schedule_getter(self, cycle=GETTER_CYCLE):
"""
定时获取代理
"""
getter = Getter()
while True:
print('开始抓取代理')
getter.run()
time.sleep(cycle)
def schedule_api(self):
"""
开启API
"""
app.run(API_HOST, API_PORT)
def run(self):
print('代理池开始运行')
if TESTER_ENABLED:
tester_process = Process(target=self.schedule_tester)
tester_process.start()
if GETTER_ENABLED:
getter_process = Process(target=self.schedule_getter)
getter_process.start()
if API_ENABLED:
api_process = Process(target=self.schedule_api)
api_process.start()
运行：
访问API获得随机代理：
测试代理并设置分数：
查看Redis Desktop中的数据：
.
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