本章介绍一些通用的基本云架构模型。
11.1 负载分布架构(workload distribution architecture)
通过增加一个或多个相同的IT资源可以进行IT资源水平扩展,而提供运行中逻辑的负载均衡器能够在可用的IT资源上均匀分配工作负载。
负载分布常常可以用来支持分布式虚拟服务器、云存储设备和云服务,因此,这种基本架构模型可以应用于任何IT资源。
应用于特殊IT资源的特殊变化的负载分布架构:
(1)服务负载均衡架构
(2)负载均衡的虚拟服务器架构(第十二章)
(3)负载均衡的虚拟交换机架构(第十三章)
该云架构的组件部分:
(1)基本负载均衡器机制(不是很重要)
(2)可以应用负载均衡的虚拟服务器(不是很重要)
(3)云存储设备机制(不是很重要)
(4)审计监控器(Audit Monitor)
(5)云使用监控器(Cloud Usage Monitor)
(6)虚拟机监控器(Hypervisor)
(7)逻辑网络边界(Logical Network Perimeter)
(8)资源集群(Resource Cluster)
(9)资源复制(Resource Replication)
11.2资源池架构(resource pooling architecture)
资源池架构以使用一个或多个资源池为基础,其中相同的IT资源由一个系统进行分组和维护,以自动确保它们保持同步。
常见的资源池:
可以将单个资源池集合为一个更大的资源池:
资源池可以建立层次结构,形成嵌套关系。
下述机制也可是该架构的一部分:
(1)审计监控器(Audit Monitor)
(2)云使用监控器(Cloud Usage Monitor)
(3)虚拟机监控器(Hypervisor)
(4)逻辑网络边界(Logical Network Perimeter)
(5)按使用付费监控器(Pay-Per-Use Monitor)
(6)远程管理系统(Remote Administration System)
(7)资源管理系统(Resource Management System)
(8)资源复制(Resource Replication)
11.3 动态可扩展架构(Dynamic Scalability Architecture)
它基于预先定义扩展条件的系统,触发这些条件会导致从资源池中动态分配IT资源。
自动扩展监听器配置配置了负载阈值,已决定合适为工作负载的处理添加新IT资源。根据给定云用户的供给合同条款来提供该机制,并配以决定可动态提供的额外IT资源数量的逻辑。
常用的动态扩展的类型:
(1)动态水平扩展(Dynamic Horizontal Scaling)——向内或向外扩展IT资源实例,以便处理负载的变化。按照需求和权限,自动扩展监听器请求资源复制,并发信号启动IT资源复制。
(2)动态垂直扩展(Dynamic Vertical Scaling)——当需要调整单个IT资源实例,向上或向下扩展IT资源实例。
(3)动态重定位(Dynamic Relocation)——将IT资源重放置到跟大容量的主机上.
以下机制也被用于这种形式的云架构中:
(1)云使用监控器(Cloud Usage Monitor)
(2)虚拟机监控器(Hypervisor)
(3)按使用付费监控器(Pay-Per-Use Monitor)
11.4弹性资源容量架构(elastic resource capacity architecture)
主要与虚拟服务器的动态供给相关,利用分配和回收CPU与RAM资源的系统,立即响应托管IT资源的处理请求变化。
在响应时,虚拟服务器和其托管的应用程序与IT资源时垂直扩展的。
智能自动化引擎:
通过执行包含工作流逻辑的脚本来自动执行管理任务。
该云架构还包含额外机制:
(1)云使用监控器(Cloud Usage Monitor)
(2)按使用付费监控器(Pay-Per-Use Monitor)
(3)资源复制(Resource Replication)
11.5服务负载均衡架构(Service Load Balancing Architecture)
可以认为是工作负载分布架构的一个特殊变种。
它专门针对扩展云服务实现的。在动态分布工作负载上增加负载均衡系统,就创建了云服务的冗余部署。
云服务实现的副本被组织为一个资源池,而负载均衡器则作为外部或内置组件,允许托管服务器自行平衡负载。
还包含其他机制:
(1)云使用监控器(Cloud Usage Monitor)
(2)资源集群(Resource Cluster)
(3)资源复制(Resource Replication)
11.6云爆发架构(cloud bursting architecture)
建立了一种动态扩展的形式,只要达到预先设置的阈值,就从企业内部的IT资源扩展或爆发到云中。
相应的基于云的IT资源是冗余性预部署,他们会保持非活跃状态,直到云爆发。
当不在需要这些资后,基于云的IT资源被释放,而云架构则爆发入企业内部,回到企业内部环境。
云爆发架构是弹性的扩展架构。基础是自动扩展监听器和资源复制机制。
自动扩展监听器:决定何时将请求重定向到基于云的IT资源。
资源复制机制:维护企业内部和基于云的IT资源之间的状态信息的同步。
11.7弹性磁盘供给架构(Elastic Disk Provisioning Architecture)
建立了一个动态存储供给系统,它确保按照云用户的实际使用的存储量进行精确计费。
该系统采用采用自动精简供给技术实现存储空间的自动分配,并进一步支持运行时使用监控来收集准确的使用数据以便计费。
还包含以下机制:
(1)云使用监控器(Cloud Usage Monitor)
(2)资源复制(Resource Replication)
11.8 冗余存储架构(Redundant Storage Architecture)
该架构引入了复制的辅云存储设备作为故障系统的一部分,它要与主云存储设备中的数据保持同步。当主设备失效时,存储设备网关就把云用户请求转向辅设备。
存储复制:是资源复制机制的一种变体,用于将数据从主存储设备同步或异步地复制到辅存储设备。
它可以用于复制部分或全部LUN。
通常情况下主存储设备与辅存储设备放置在不同的物理地址上。
典型例题:
一、选择
1: B can provide runtime logic capable of evenly distributing the workload among the available IT resources
A.physical servers B. a load balance C. virtual servers D. VIM
2: D is based on the use of one or more resource pools, in which identical IT resources are grouped and maintained by a system that automatically ensures that they remain synchronized
- Zero Downtime Architecture B. Dynamic Failure Detection and Recovery Architecture
- Non-Disruptive Service Relocation Architecture D. A resource pooling architecture
3: B is an architectural model based on a system of predefined scaling conditions that trigger the dynamic allocation of IT resources from resource pools.
- Zero Downtime Architecture B. The dynamic scalability architecture
- Non-Disruptive Service Relocation Architecture D. A resource pooling architecture
4: A is primarily related to the dynamic provisioning of virtual servers, using a system that allocates and reclaims CPUs and RAM in immediate response to the fluctuating processing requirements of hosted IT resources
A.The elastic resource capacity architecture B. The dynamic scalability architecture
- Non-Disruptive Service Relocation Architecture D. A resource pooling architecture
5: __ ___C___can be considered a specialized variation of the workload distribution architecture that is geared specifically for scaling cloud service implementations
- The elastic resource capacity architecture B. The dynamic scalability architecture
- The service load balancing architecture D. A resource pooling architecture
6: __C _establishes a form of dynamic scaling that scales or “bursts out” on-premise IT resources into a cloud whenever predefined capacity thresholds have been reached
- The elastic resource capacity architecture B. The dynamic scalability architecture
- The cloud bursting architecture D. A resource pooling architecture
7: _ _B___establishes a dynamic storage provisioning system that ensures that the cloud consumer is granularly billed for the exact amount of storage that it actually uses.
- The elastic resource capacity architecture B. The elastic disk provisioning architecture
- The cloud bursting architecture D. A resource pooling architecture
8: ___C ___introduces a secondary duplicate cloud storage device as part of a failover system that synchronizes its data with the data in the primary cloud storage device.
- The elastic resource capacity architecture B. The elastic disk provisioning architecture
- The redundant storage architecture D. A resource pooling architecture
9: Provided here is B
- Zero Downtime Architecture
- The dynamic scalability architecture
- Non-Disruptive Service Relocation Architecture
- A resource pooling architecture
10: ___A___is configured with workload thresholds that dictate when new IT resources need to be added to the workload processing
- The automated scaling listener B. VIM C. load balancers D. LUNs
二、判断
1:workload distribution architecture reduces both IT resource over-utilization and under-utilization(T)
2:common examples of resource pools are physical server pools 、virtual server pools、storage pools、network pools、CPU pools and Pools of physical RAM.(T)
3: The dynamic scalability architecture reclaims unnecessary IT resources without requiring manual interaction.(T)
4: The load balancer can be built in as part of the application or server’s environment(T)
5: The foundation of The cloud bursting architecture is based on the automated scaling listener and resource replication mechanisms.(T)
6: In the elastic disk provisioning architecture, charges are predetermined by disk capacity and not aligned with actual data storage consumption.( F)
( In the elastic disk provisioning architecture, charges are predetermined by disk capacity and aligned with actual data storage consumption.)
7: In The redundant storage architecture , a storage service gateway diverts cloud consumer requests to the secondary device whenever the primary device fails.(T)
8: The redundant storage architecture primarily relies on a storage replication system that keeps the primary cloud storage device synchronized with its duplicate secondary cloud storage devices(T)
9: workload distribution architecture model can be applied to any IT resource.(T)
10: Cloud bursting architecture is a flexible scaling architecture.(T)
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