本章主要内容:
(1)宽带网络和internet架构
(2)数据中心技术
(3)虚拟化技术
(4)Web技术
(5)多租户技术
(6)服务技术
 

5.1宽带网络和Internet架构

(主要为计算机网络知识,这里就不详细进行概念解释。只给出一个大的框架。)
 

所有的云都必须连接到网络。

互联网或Internet允许远程供给IT资源,并直接支持无处不在的网络接入。

5.1.1 internet服务提供者(ISP)

Internet Service Providers (ISP)
Internet最大的主干网由ISP建立并部署的,它们依靠核心路由器进行战略互联。
全球互联是通过一个三层拓扑结构(topology)形成的。

 
互联架构(internetworking architecture)的两个组成部分:
(1)无连接分组交换(connectionless packet switching)
(2)基于路由器的互联(router-based interconnectivity)
 

5.1.2 无连接分组交换(数据报网络)(connectionless packet switching)

端到端(end-to-end)(sender-receiver pair)数据流被分割为固定大小的包,由网络交换机(network switches)路由器(router)进行接受和处理,通过排队(queued)转发(forwarded)从一个中间节点传递到下一个节点。

5.1.3基于路由器的互联(router-based interconnectivity)

路由器是连接多个网络的设备,通过它实现数据包的转发。
网络互连的基本机制:
将一组接收到的无序数据包合并生成一个消息。

网络技术:
(1)物理网络(physical network)
IP数据包通过连接相邻节点的底层物理网络进行传输。
物理网络包括数据链路层(data link layer)物理层(physical layer)
 
(2)传输层协议(Transport Layer Protocol)
传输控制协议(TCP)用户数据报协议(UDP)
 
(3)应用层协议(Application Layer Protocol)

5.1.4技术和商业考量

(1)连接性问题
企业内部的IT资源以及设备的访问及通信。
Cloud providers can easily configure cloud-based IT resources to be accessible for both external and internal users through an Internet connection.
云提供者可以将云IT资源轻松配置为允许内部和外部用户允许通过Internet连接进行访问。


(2)网络带宽和延时问题
延时(latency):时间延迟,是数据包从一个数据节点传递到另一个节点所需要的时间。
“尽力而为”的服务质量(QoS)(quality-of-service)
(3)云运营商和云提供者选择
云用户和云提供者间Internet连接的服务水平是由他们的ISP决定的。
 

5.2数据中心问题(Data Center Technology)

有利于能源共享,提高共享IT资源使用率以及提高IT人员的效率。
现代数据中心是指一种特殊的IT基础设施,用于集中放置IT资源,包括:服务器(services)、数据库(data-bases)、网络与通信设备(networking and telecommunication devices)以及软件系统(software system)
数据中心包含了物理和虚拟的IT资源
(1)物理IT资源层是指放置计算/网络系统和设备,以及硬件系统及其操作系统的基础设施。
(2)虚拟层对资源进行抽象和控制,通常是由虚拟化平台(virtualization platform)上的运行和管理工具构成。

5.2.1 虚拟化(virtualization)

虚拟化平台将物理计算和网络IT资源抽象为虚拟化部件,这样更易于进行资源分配(allocate),操作(operate),释放(release),监视(monitor)和控制(control)

VIM (virtual infrastructure management 虚拟基础设施管理器,用于协调与VM实例创建相关的物理服务器)

5.2.2 标准化与模块化(Standardization and Modularity)

数据中心以标准化商用硬件(standardized commodity hardware)为基础,用模块化架构(modular architecture)进行设计,整合了多个相同的基础设施模块和设备,具备可扩展性(scalability)可增长性(growth)快速更换硬件(speedy hardware replacement)的特点。
标准化和模块化是减少投资(reduce investment)运营成本(operatiounal costs)的关键条件。因为它们实现采购(procurement),收购(acquisition),部署(deployment),运营(operation)和维护(maintenance)的规模经济。

5.2.3 自动化(Automation)

数据中心具备特殊的平台将供给(provisioning),配置(configuration),打补丁(patching)和监控(monitor)等任务进行自动化,而不需要监管(supervision)
数据中心管理平台和工具的改进利用了自主计算技术实现自配置(self-configuration)和自恢复(self-recovery)

5.2.4 远程操作与管理(Remote Operation and Management)

在数据中心,IT资源的大多数操作和管理任务都是由网络远程控制台和管理系统来指挥的。

5.2.5 高可用性(High Availability)

数据中心采用了冗余度(redundancy)越来越高的设计。数据中心通常具有冗余的不间断电源(uninterruptable power supplies),综合布线(cabling),环境控制子系统(environmental control subsystem in anticipation of system failure),冗余的通信链路(communication link)和集群硬件(clustered hardware for load balancing)。

5.2.6 安全感知的设计,操作与管理(Security-Aware Design,Operation,and Management )

如:物理和逻辑的访问控制(physical and logical access control),数据恢复策略(data recovery strategies)。

5.2.7 配套设施(Facilities)

数据中心的配套设施放置在专门设计的位置,配备了专门的计算设备,存储设备和网络设备。

5.2.8 计算硬件(Computing Hardware)

5.2.9 存储硬件(Storage Hardware)

涉及技术:
(1)硬盘阵列(hard disk array)
(2)I/O高速缓存(I/O catcohing)
(3)热插拔硬盘(hot-swappable hard disk)
(4)存储虚拟化(storage virtualizatoion)
(6)快速数据复制机制(fast data replication mechanism),包括快照(snapshotting),卷克隆(volume cloning)
网络存储设备通常分为两类:
(1)存储区域网络(Storage Area Network,SAN)
(2)网络附加存储(Network-Attached Storage,NAS)
 
直接附加存储(DAS)

5.2.10 网络硬件(network hardware)

网络基础设施可分为五个网络子系统:
(1)运营商和外网互联(Carrier and External Network Interconnection)
(2)Web层负载均衡和加速(Web-Tier Load Balancing and Acceleration)
(3)LAN光网络(LAN Fabric)
(4)SAN光网络(SAN Fabric)
(5)NAS网关(NAS Gateways)

5.2.11 其他考量

IT硬件受快速技术折旧的影响,其生命周期一般是5~7年。
 

5.3虚拟化技术(Virtualization Technology)

虚拟化是将物理IT资源转化为虚拟IT资源的过程。
运行虚拟化的物理服务器称为主机(host)物理主机(physical host)
与虚拟机管理相关的服务的软件称为虚拟机管理器(virtual muachine manager)虚拟机监视器(virtual Machine monitor),最常见的名称为虚拟机监控器(hypervisor)
虚拟机监控器由处理硬件管理功能的软件构成,形成了虚拟化管理层。
Hypervisor exists as a thin layer of software that handles hardware management functions to establish a virtualization management layer.

5.3.1硬件无关性(Hardware Independence)

5.3.2服务器整合(Server Consolidation)

一个虚拟主机上可以同时创建多个虚拟服务器。
虚拟化技术允许不同的虚拟服务器共享同一个物理服务器。
通常用来提高硬件利用率,负载均衡以及对可用的IT资源的优化。
The different virtual servers can run different guest operating systems on the same host.
服务器整合带来了灵活性,使得不同的虚拟服务器可以在同一个主机上运行不同的客户操作系统。
 
The coordinate function that is provided by the virtualization software allows multiple virtual service to be simultaneously created in the same virtualization host. Virtualization technology enable different virtual service to share one physical service .This  process is called service consolidation。

5.3.3资源复制(Resource Replication)

5.3.4基于操作系统的虚拟化(Operating System-Based Virtualization)

是指在一个已存在的操作系统上安装虚拟化软件,这个已存在的操作系统被称为宿主操作系统(host operating system)。
虚拟化软件将需要特殊操作软件的硬件IT资源转化为兼容多个操作系统的虚拟IT资源。
Virtualization software translates hardware IT resources into virtualized IT resources.

5.3.5基于硬件的虚拟化(Hardware-Based Virtualization)

基于硬件的虚拟化是指将虚拟化软件直接安装在物理主机硬件上,从而绕过宿主操作系统,这也适用于基于操作系统的虚拟化。
主要问题是与硬件设备的兼容比硬件的虚拟化通常更高效。

5.3.6虚拟化管理(Virtualization Management)

虚拟化IT资源的管理通常是由虚拟化基础设施管理(virtualization Infrastructure management ,VIM)工具实现的。

5.3.7其他考量

(1)性能开销(performance overhead)
(2)特殊硬件兼容性(special hardware compatibility)
(3)可移植性(portability)

5.4 Web技术(Web Technology)

Web技术通常用作服务的介质和管理接口。
Artifacts accessible via WWW are referred to as resources or Web resources.
可以通过WWW访问的事物称为资源(resource)或Web 资源(Web resources)。

5.4.1基本Web技术(Basic Web Technology)

Web技术架构由三个基本元素组成:
(1)统一资源定位符(Uniform Resource Locator,URL)
(2)超文本传输协议(Hypertext Transfer Protocol,HTTP)
(3)标记语言(Markup Language)(HTML,XML)
 
Web资源也称超媒体(Hypermedia)。

5.4.2Web应用(Web Application)

PaaS ready-made environments enable cloud consumers to develop and deploy Web applications.
已就绪PaaS环境使得云用户可以开发和部署Web应用。

5.5多租户技术(Multi tenant Technology)

The multitenant application design was created to enable multiple users to access the same application logic simultaneously.
设计多租户应用的目的是使得多个用户(多租户)在逻辑上同时访问同一个应用。
The multitenant applications ensure that tenants do not have access to data and configuration information that is not their own.
多租户应用确保每一个租户都不会访问到不属于自己的数据和配置信息。
租户可以独立定制的应用特征:
(1)用户界面(user interface)
(2)业务流程(business process)
(3)数据模型(data model)
(4)访问控制(access control)
多租户应用的特点:
(1)使用隔离(usage isolation)
(2)数据安全(data security)
(3)可恢复性(recovery)
(4)应用升级(application upgrade)
(5)可扩展性(scalability)
(6)使用计费(metered usage)
(7)数据层隔离(data tier isolation)
 

5.6服务技术(Service Technology)

服务技术是云计算的基石,它形成了“作为服务”的云交付模型的基础。
The field of service technology is a keystone foundation of cloud computing that formed the basis of the “as-a-service” cloud delivery models.

5.6.1 Web服务(Web Service)

Web服务的核心技术表现:
(1)Web服务描述语言(Web Service Description Language)
(2)XML模式描述语言(XML schema definition language)
(3)SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
(4)统一描述,发现和集成(Universal Description ,Discovery and Integration,UDDI)

5.6.2 REST服务(REST Service)

REST服务是按照一组约束条件设计的,这组约束条件使得服务架构模拟WWW的属性,从而导致服务的实现要依赖于使用核心Web技术。
REST服务没有独立的接口技术,是共享一个通用技术接口,该技术接口称为统一合约(Uniform Contrast),一般是HTTP方法建立的。
有六个设计约束:
(1)客户端-服务器(Client-Service)
(2)无状态(Stateless)
(3)缓存(Cache)
(4)接口/统一合约(Interface/Uniform Contrast)
(5)层次化系统(Layered System)
(6)按需编码(Code-On-Demand)

5.6.3服务代理(Service Agent)

服务代理是事件驱动程序,它在运行时拦截信息。
分为主动服务代理被动服务代理
(1)主动服务代理(Active Service Agent):在拦截并读取信息后,会采取一定的措施,通常是修改信息内容(最常见的是修改信息头部数据,少部分会修改信息体数据)。
Active service agent perform an active upon intercepting and reading the content of a message . The action typically requires making change to the message contents or change the path itself。
(2)被动服务代理(Passive Service Agent:不会修改数据,而是读取信息后捕捉特定内容以便进行监控、记录或者报告。
(2)Passive service agent do not change message contents. Instead ,they read the message and may then capture certain path of its contents ,usually for monitoring ,logging ,or reporting purposes.

5.6.4服务中间件(Service Middleware)

 
两种最常见的中间件平台类型
(1)企业服务总线(ESB)(Enterprise Service Bus)
(2)业务流程平台(orchestration platform)
上述两种服务中间件都可以在基于云的环境中进行部署和运行。
 
关键点小结:
(1)云用户和云提供者通常利用Internet进行通信。Internet 以无中心的供给和管理模型为基础,不受任何集中式实体控制。
(2)网络互联架构的主要组件是使用网络路由器和交换机的无连接分组交换与基于路由器的互联。网络带宽和延迟是影响QoS的因素,而网络拥塞对其有巨大影响。
(3)数据中心是专门的IT基础设施,用于集中存放IT资源,如服务器,数据库和软件系统。
(4)数据中心的IT硬件通常是由标准商用服务器构成,其具有增强的计算能力的存储容量,而存储技术则包括了磁盘阵列和存储虚拟化。增加存储容量技术包括:DAS,SAN和NAS。
(5)计算硬件技术包括机架式服务器阵列和多核CPU架构。专用的高容量网络硬件(如内容感知的路由、LAN和SAN光网络及NAS网关等)和技术可以提高网络。互联性。
(6)服务器虚拟化是指利用虚拟化软件将IT硬件抽象为虚拟服务器。
(7)虚拟化提供了硬件无关性、服务器整合、资源复制、对资源池更强的支持和灵活的扩展性。
(8)实现虚拟服务器既可以采用基于操作系统的虚拟化,也可以采用基于硬件的虚拟化。
(9)Web技术经常被用于云服务的实现,并在前端用于远程管理云IT资源。
(10)Web架构的基本技术包括:URL、HTTP、HTML、XML。
(11)基于Web的服务(如Web服务和REST服务)依靠非专有通信和技术接口定义来建立于Web技术的标准通信框架。
(12)服务代理提供事件驱动运行时处理,适用于云中大量的功能。许多代理都自动部署在操作系统和基于云的产品。
(13)服务中间件(如ESB和业务流程平台)可以在云上部署。
 
典型例题:
一、判断题
1. (  ) All clouds must be connected to a network.
2. (  ) Cloud providers can easily configure cloud-based IT resources to be accessible for both external and internal users through an Internet connection.
3. (  ) Data centers consist of only physical IT resources. (Data  center consist of both physical and virtualized IT resource
4. (  ) The different virtual servers can run different guest operating systems on the same host.
5. ( T  ) Virtualization software translates hardware IT resources into virtualized IT resources.
6. (  T ) Hardware-based virtualization generally compare operating system-based virtualization makes more efficient.
7. (  T  ) Hypervisor exists as a thin layer of software that handles hardware management functions to establish a virtualization management layer.
8. (  T  ) Artifacts accessible via WWW are referred to as resources or Web resources.
9. (  T  ) PaaS ready-made environments enable cloud consumers to develop and deploy Web applications. 
10. (  T  ) The multitenant application design was created to enable multiple users to access the same application logic simultaneously.
11. (  T  ) Multitenant applications ensure that tenants do not have access to data and configuration information that is not their own. 
12. ( T ) The field of service technology is a keystone foundation of cloud computing that formed the basis of the “as-a-service” cloud delivery models. 
二、选择题
1. Established and deployed by ISPs, the Internet’s largest backbone networks are strategically interconnected by core (   A   )  that connect the world’s multinational networks.
A. routers      B. Switchs    C. Modems    D. firewalls
2. The concept of the Internet was based on a (  A    ) provisioning and management model.
A. decentralized    B. centralize   C. local    D. part
3. The Internet’s topology has become a dynamic and complex aggregate of ISPs that are highly interconnected via its core ( A     ). 
A. protocols    B. managements    C.signals    D.not all
4. Worldwide connectivity is enabled through a hierarchical topology composed of (    A  ) Tiers.
A.3    B.4    C.7    D.8
5. In Connectionless Packet Switching Datagram NetworksEach packet carries the necessary ( A ) information.
A. location    B. node    C.rout    D.all
6. A (  A    ) is a device that is connected to multiple networks through which it forwards packets.
A. router      B. Switch    C. Modem    D. firewall
7. (    D  ) is transport layer protocol.
A. HTTP    B. SMTP    C.IP    D. TCP
8. ( D     ) is transport layer protocol.
A. TCP    B. UDP    C. HTTP    D. both A and B
9. What factors lead to suffer network service-level degradation. (   D   )
A. bandwidth reduction    B. latency increase    C. packet loss    D.All
10. The service levels of Internet connections between cloud consumers and cloud providers are determined by their   A  .
A. ISPs    B. cloud consumers    C. cloud providers    D. administrator
11. The resource abstraction and control of the   D  layer is comprised of operational and management tools that are often based on virtualization platforms.
A. transport    B. network    C.  physical IT resource    D.virtualization
12. This interconnection is usually comprised of   A that provide routing between external WANconnections and the data center’s LAN.
A. backbone routers    B. backbone switch    C. backbone hub    D.none
13. Virtualization is the process of converting a   C   IT resource into a virtual IT resource.
A.software    B.logical    C. physical    D.All
14. Virtualization software runs on a physical server called a  A   , whose underlying hardware is made accessible by the virtualization software. 
A. host     B.client    C.broser    D.none
15. Through hardware independence, virtual servers can easily be moved to another virtualization host, automatically resolving multiple hardware-software D   issues.
A. independence    B. unreliability    C. unavailability    D.incompatibility
16. Virtual servers are created as virtual disk images that contain   A file copies of hard disk content. 
A. binary    B. Decimal    C. Hexadecimal    D. ASCII
17. virtualization infrastructure management (VIM) tools that collectively manage   A  and rely on a centralized management module. 
A. virtual IT resources    B. physical IT resources    C. both A and B   D.None
18.   A  is the primary communications protocol used to exchange content and data throughout the World Wide Web.
A.HTTP    B.TCP    C.UDP    D.XML
19. The third tier of Web Applications is the (D)that is comprised of persistent data stores.
A. Data Link Layer    B. presentation layer    C. application layer    D.data layer
20. Along with XML, the core technologies behind Web services are represented by the following industry standards:D
A. WSDL    B. SOAP    C. UDDI    D.ALL
 
简答题:
1. Explains the difference between the concept of Multitenancy and Virtualization.
 (1)With virtualization :Multiple virtual copies of the service  environment can be hosted by a single physical service。
(2)with multitenancy :A physical or virtual service hosting an application is designed to allow usage by multiple  different users。
 
2. What industry standards are represented the core technologies behind Web services?
(1)Web Service Description Language(WSDL)
(2)XML schema definition language(XML Scheme)
(3)Simple Object Access Protocol(SOAP)
(4)Universal Description ,Discovery and Integration,(UDDI)
 
3. Describing the active and passive service agents.
(1)Active service agent perform an active upon intercepting and reading the content of a message . The action typically requires making change to the message contents or change the path itself。
(2)Passive service agent do not change message contents.Instead ,they read the message and may then capture certain path of its contents ,usually for monitoring ,logging ,or reporting purposes.
 
4. Description the Modern data centers.
Modern data centers exist as specialized IT infrastructure used to house centralized IT resource ,such as services 、data-bases 、networking and telecommunication devices, and software system.
 
5. What is called server consolidation ?
The coordinate function that is provided by the virtualization software allows multiple virtual service to be simultaneously created in the same virtualization host. Virtualization technology enable different virtual service to share one physical service .This  process is called service consolidation。
 
6. Which categories for Networked storage devices usually fall into?
(1) Service Area Network (SAN)
connected through a dedicated network
provide block-level data storage access
using industry standard protocol
(2)Network-Attached Storage(NAS)
Hard drive arrays are contained and managed by this dedicated device  , connects through a network.
using file-centric data access protocol like the Network File System (NFC) or  Service Message Block  ( SMB).
 
 
7. Data centers require extensive network hardware in order to enable multiple levels of connectivity.  the data center is broken down into five network subsystems, What is these ?
(1)Carrier and External Network Interconnection
(2)Web-Tier Load Balancing and Acceleration
(3)LAN Fabric
(4)SAN Fabric
(5)NAS Gateways
 
 
8. Three fundamental elements comprise the technology architecture of the Web, Which is these?
(1)Uniform Resource Locator,URL
(2)Hypertext Transfer Protocol,HTTP
(3)Markup Language(HTML,XML)
 


0 条评论

发表回复

Avatar placeholder

您的电子邮箱地址不会被公开。 必填项已用 * 标注